Malicious MEV has become a persistent problem for Ethereum, causing users to lose over $2 million every month

Research shows that because transactions are visible before execution, bots and validators can engage in frontrunning, sandwiching, and transaction reordering. Approximately 2,000 sandwich attacks occur daily, causing users to lose over $2 million each month. Mempool encryption is one mitigation path, but early designs had data leakage issues. Flash Freezing Flash Boys (F3B) proposes a new method of encrypting each transaction, allowing transaction privacy to be maintained until final confirmation. However, due to execution layer complexity, it has not yet been deployed.