Riksbank announces the results of the fourth phase of CBDC: using account balances for offline CBDC payments

The Swedish central bank has announced the results of the fourth phase of its electronic krona central bank digital currency (CBDC), which focuses on offline CBDC payments using account balances. In the previous phase, the central bank tested token-based offline payments, which it deemed feasible but with high security requirements. The usability of certain types of offline payments was affected by this.